Ion Tests

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Deduce the ions present in a sample from the results of tests

Perform first-hand investigations to carry out a range of tests, including flame tests, to identify the following ions:

    • phosphate
    • sulfate
    • carbonate
    • chloride
    • barium
    • calcium
    • lead
    • copper
    • iron

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Cation
 Precipitate test(s)
 Flame test(s)
 Other Test(s)
Barium (Ba2+)
• SO42-: White

• OH– or F+: None

 Yellow–green –
Calcium (Ca2+) • SO42-: White
• F–: White		 Orange–red –
Lead (Pb2+) • Cl–: White
• I–: Yellow		 –
 –
Copper (Cu2+) OH–: Blue, dissolves in NH3 to form deep blue
solution		 Blue–green –
Iron II (Fe2+) OH–: White, turns brown –
 Decolourises dilute potassium permanganate
solution
Iron III (Fe3+) OH–: Brown –
 SCN–: Deep red solution
Cation tests

 

Cation
 Precipitate test(s)
 Other test(s)
Carbonate (CO32-) –
 • pH between 8 and 11.
• Acid (H+): Bubbles of colourless odourless gas (CO2)
Sulfate (SO42-) • Ba(NO3)2 (to acidified sample): Thick white
• Pb(NO3)2 (to acidified sample): White		 –
Chloride (Cl–) AgNO3 (to acidified sample): Thick white, dissolves in ammonia and darkens in sunlight –
Phosphate (PO43-) • NH4 followed by Ba(NO3)2: White
• Mg2+ in an ammonia, ammonium nitrate buffer: White		 –

Anion tests


Copper flame test

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