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EasyChem Australia
Current Syllabus:
Equilibrium and Acid Reactions
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Static and Dynamic Equilibrium
Factors That Affect Equilibrium
Calculating The Equilibrium Constant Keq
Solution Equilibria
Acid/Base Reactions
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Properties of Acids and Bases
Using Brønsted–Lowry Theory
Quantitative Analysis
Organic Chemistry
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Nomenclature
Hydrocarbons
Products of Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons
Alcohols
Reactions of Organic Acids and Bases
Polymers
Applying Chemical Ideas
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Analysis of Inorganic Substances
Analysis of Organic Substances
Chemical Synthesis and Design
Pre-2019 Syllabus:
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Production of Materials
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1. Fossil Fuel Products
2. Biomass Research
3. Renewable Ethanol
4. Electrochemical Methods
5. Nuclear Methods
The Acidic Environment
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1. Indicators
2. Acidic Oxides
3. Acids
4. Acid/Base Definitions
5. Esterification
Monitoring and Management
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1. Chemists and Reactions
2. Maximising Production
3. Manufactured Products
4. The Atmosphere
5. Water
Elective Units
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Industrial Chemistry
Shipwrecks and Salvage
The Biochemistry of Movement
The Chemistry of Art
Forensic Chemistry
Other Subjects:
EasyPhys – HSC Physics
EasyHSC – Business Studies
EasyHSC – HSC Biology
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Acid/Base Reactions
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Properties of Acids and Bases
Conduct a practical investigation to measure the enthalpy of neutralisation
Demonstrate the preparation and use of indicators as illustrators of the characteristics and properties of acids and bases and their reversible reactions
Explore the changes in definitions and models of an acid and a base over time to explain the limitations of each model
Investigate applications of neutralisation reactions in everyday life and industrial processes
Investigate the correct IUPAC nomenclature and properties of common inorganic acids and bases
Predict the products of acid reactions and write balanced equations
Quantitative Analysis
Calculate and apply the dissociation constant (Ka) and pKa (pKa = -log10 (Ka)) to determine the difference between strong and weak acids
Conduct a chemical analysis of a common household substance for its acidity or basicity
Conduct a practical investigation to prepare a buffer and demonstrate its properties
Conduct practical investigations to analyse the concentration of an unknown acid or base by titration
Describe the importance of buffers in natural systems
Explore acid/base analysis techniques that are applied
Investigate titration curves and conductivity graphs to analyse data to indicate characteristic reaction profiles
Model neutralisation of strong and weak acids and bases using a variety of media
Using Brønsted–Lowry Theory
Calculate pH, pOH, hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]) and hydroxide ion concentration ([OH–]) for a range of solutions
Calculate the pH of the resultant solution when solutions of acids and/or bases are diluted or mixed
Conduct a practical investigation to measure the pH of a range of acids and bases
Conduct an investigation to demonstrate the use of pH to indicate the differences between the strength of acids and bases
Construct models and/or animations to communicate the differences between strong, weak, concentrated and dilute acids and bases
Write ionic equations to represent the dissociation of acids and bases in water, conjugate acid/base pairs in solution and amphiprotic nature of some salts
Applying Chemical Ideas
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Analysis of Inorganic Substances
Analyse the need for monitoring the environment
Conduct investigations and/or process data
Conduct investigations and/or process data to determine the concentration of coloured species and/or metal ions in aqueous solution
Conduct qualitative investigations – using flame tests, precipitation and complexation reactions as appropriate
Analysis of Organic Substances
Conduct qualitative investigations to test for the presence in organic molecules
Investigate the processes used to analyse the structure of simple organic compounds addressed in the course
Chemical Synthesis and Design
Evaluate the factors that need to be considered when designing a chemical synthesis process
Biochemistry of Movement
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ATP is The Energy Currency of Every Living Cell
A Molecule Contains Three Phosphate Groups
Adenosine Triphosphate as an Energy Source
Biochemical Fuels Are Broken Down to Release Energy
Enzymes As Catalysts
The Role of The Mitochondria
ATP Used in Muscle Contraction is Continually Regenerated
Equation Summarizing The Oxidation/Reduction Process
NADH and FADH
2
NADH/FADH
2
Oxidation Leads to ATP Production
What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?
Carbohydrates Are an Important Part of an Athlete’s Diet
Carbohydrates Are Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen And Oxygen
Glucose as a Monomer
Humans Store Carbohydrates as Glycogen Granules
Contextual Outline
Fats Are Also Important Fuels For Cells
Fatty Acids Are Stored as Esters of Glycerol
Fatty Acids Include Alkanoic Acids
Glycerol As A Triol
The Fatty Acid Molecule Mixing With Water
The Importance Of TAGs
The Most Common Fatty Acids in Our Diet
Fats Are Oxidised to Release Energy in Cells
The Decomposition of Fatty Acids
The Oxidation of Long-Chain Fatty Acids in Tissues
Gentle Exercise Uses Type 1 Muscles And Involves Aerobic Respiration
The Cytochrome Chain
The Products of The TCA Cycle
The Role of Oxygen in Respiration
The TCA Cycle as Oxidative Decarboxylation
The Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle
Glycolysis is The First Stage of The Decomposition of Glucose to Release Energy
The End Product Of Glycolysis
The Energy Release In Glycolysis
The Enzymes Of Glycolysis
The Role of Oxidation of Fatty Acids
Muscle Cells Cause Movement by Contraction Along Their Length
Identifying Actin And Myosin
Muscle Cell Contractions
The Cause of The Contraction Movement
The Generalised Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Cell
Proteins Are Used as Both Structural Molecules And Enzymes to Catalyse Metabolic Reactions
Enzymes as a Special Class of Proteins
The Chemical Features Of A Protein
The Composition And General Formula For Amino Acids
The Major Functional Groups in an Amino Acid
The Nature of a Peptide Bond
The Process of Protein Denaturation
The Shape of a Protein Molecule
Why an Enzyme’s Binding Site is Substrate Specific
Sprinting Involves Muscles Contracting Powerfully And Rapidly And Utilises Type 2 Muscle Cells
The Production of 2-Hydroxypropanic (Lactic) Acid
The Supply And Use of Fuels During Sprinting
Chemical Terms
Elective Units
Equilibrium and Acid Reactions
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Calculating the Equilibrium Constant (Keq)
Conduct an investigation to determine Keq of a chemical equilibrium system
Deduce the equilibrium expression (in terms of Keq) for homogeneous reactions occurring in solution
Explore the use of Keq for different types of chemical reactions
Perform calculations to find the value of Keq and concentrations of substances within an equilibrium system
Qualitatively analyse the effect of temperature on the value of Keq
Factors that Affect Equilibrium
Examine how activation energy and heat of reaction affect the position of equilibrium
Explain the overall observations about equilibrium in terms of the collision theory
Investigate the effects of temperature, concentration, volume and/or pressure on a system at equilibrium and explain how Le Châtelier’s principle can be used to predict such effects
Solution Equilibria
Conduct an investigation to determine solubility rules, and predict and analyse the composition of substances when two ionic solutions are mixed
Derive equilibrium expressions for saturated solutions in terms of Ksp and calculate the solubility of an ionic substance from its Ksp value
Describe and analyse the processes involved in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water
Investigate the use of solubility equilibria by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples when removing toxicity from foods
Predict the formation of a precipitate given the standard reference values for Ksp
Static and Dynamic Equilibrium
Analyse examples of non-equilibrium systems in terms of the effect of entropy and enthalpy
Conduct practical investigations to analyse the reversibility of chemical reactions
Investigate the relationship between collision theory and reaction rate in order to analyse chemical equilibrium reactions
Model static and dynamic equilibrium and analyse the differences between open and closed systems
Fermentation Chemistry
Forensic Chemistry
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All Elements Have Identifiable Emission Spectra And This Can be Used to Identify Trace Elements
Describing The Emission Spectrum of a Range of Elements
Excited Atoms in The Gas Phase
The Conditions Under Which Atoms Will Emit Light
The Elements Present in a Mixed Emission Spectrum
The Emission of Quanta of Energy
The Signature Line Emission Spectrum of Each Element
The Use of a Line Emission Spectra
Analysis of Organic Material Can Distinguish Plant And Animal Material
Distinguishing Between Plant And Animal Carbohydrates’ Composition
Glucose as a Monomer
Reducing And Non-Reducing Sugars
The Carbohydrates Reducing and Non-Reducing Sugars, And Starch
The Composition of Carbohydrates
Because Proteins Are a Major Structural And Metabolic Component of All Living Organisms, The Analysis of Protein Samples Can be Useful in Forensic Chemistry
A Distinguishing Test For Proteins
Amino Acids And Proteins
Comparison Between Chromatography And Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis And The Origins of Protein
Separating a Mixture of Organic Materials
The Different Uses of Proteins
The Electrophoresis Process
The Major Functional Groups in an Amino Acid
The Peptide Bond
DNA is an Important Compound Found in All Living Things And is a Most Useful Identification Molecule
Identifying Individuals With DNA Analysis
The Process Used to Analyse DNA
The Structure And Composition of DNA
The Uses of DNA Analysis
Much Forensic Evidence Consists of Very Small Samples And Sensitive Analytical Techniques Are Required
Destructive Testing of Material
How a Mass Spectrometer Operates
How Analytical Techniques Provide Evidence About Samples
Techniques in Analyzing Small Samples
The Job of The Forensic Chemist is to Identify Materials And Trace Their Origins
Distinguishing Between Organic And Inorganic Compounds
Ensuring Accuracy And Preventing Contamination of Samples
Ethical Issues During an Analytical Investigation
Identifying Data, Planning And Performing First-Hand Investigations
The Different Classes of Carbon Compounds
The Inorganic Chemical Properties
The Progress in Analytical Chemistry
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Glossaries
Home
HSC Chemistry Data Sheet
HSC Chemistry Past Papers
HSC Chemistry Syllabus
HSC Chemistry Text Books
Industrial Chemistry
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Industrial Chemistry Processes Have Enabled Scientists to Develop Replacements For Natural Products
The Issues Associated With Shrinking World Resources
Many Industrial Processes Involve Manipulation of Equilibrium Reactions
Explain The Effect of Changing The Different Factors on Identified Equilibrium Reactions
Interpreting The Equilibrium Constant Expression
Process And Present Information From Secondary Sources to Calculate K From Equilibrium Conditions
Temperature is The Only Factor That Changes The Value of The Equilibrium Constant (K) For a Given Equation
Saponification is an Important Organic Industrial Process
A First Hand Investigation On Saponification
Fats And Oils Used For Soap Making
Performing Saponification In School
The Cleaning Action Of Soap
The Difference Between Anionic, Cationic And Non-Ionic Synthetic Detergents
The Difference Between Soaps And Synthetic Detergents
The Effect of Soap as an Emulsifier
The Environmental Impacts of The Use of Soaps And Detergents
The Properties of an Emulsion
The Soap as an Emulsifier
What Is Saponification?
Sulfuric Acid is One of The Most Important Industrial Chemicals
The Industrial Production of Sodium Hydroxide Requires The Use of Electrolysis
The Difference Between Galvanic Cells And Electrolytic Cells
The Different Products of The Electrolysis of Aqueous And Molten Sodium Chloride
The Products of The Electrolysis of Sodium Chloride
The Steps in The Industrial Production of Sodium Hydroxide
The Three Electrolysis Methods
The Solvay Process Has Been in Use Since The 1860s
A Firsthand Investigation on The Solvay Process
Environmental Issues Associated With The Solvay Process
Locating a Chemical Industry Which Uses The Solvay Process
Solving Problems And Performing a Quantitative Analysis
The Raw Materials Used in The Solvay Process
The Steps Used in The Solvay Process
The Uses of Sodium Carbonate
Monitoring and Management
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Chemists and Reactions
Collaboration Between Chemists
Monitored Reaction
Role of a Named Chemist
Variety of Chemical Occupations
Manufactured Products
AAS and Pollution Control
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
Ion Tests
Monitoring an Ion (Lead)
Reliability of Sulfate Experiment
Sulfate Experiment
Maximising Production
Balancing the Haber Process
History of the Haber Process
Industrial Uses of Ammonia
Monitoring the Haber Process
Rate of Reaction and Temperature
Synthesis of Ammonia
The Haber Process and Catalysis
The Haber Process and Pressure
Yield and Temperature
The Atmosphere
Allotropes of Oxygen
Alternatives to CFCs
Atmospheric Composition and Layers
CFC and Ozone Equations
Changes in Atmospheric Ozone Concentrations
Coordinate Covalent Bonding
Haloalkane Isomers
Illustrating Coordinate Covalent Bonding
Lower Atmosphere Pollutants
Origins of Chlorofluorocarbons and Halons
Oxygen Free Radical
Problems Associated with CFCs
Roles of Ozone
Water
Determining Water Quality
Factors Affecting Ion Concentrations
Heavy Metal Pollution and Eutrophication
Microscopic Membrane Filters
Water Purification and Sanitisation
Organic Chemistry
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Alcohols
Compare and contrast fuels from organic sources to biofuels, including ethanol
Conduct a practical investigation to measure and reliably compare the enthalpy of combustion for a range of alcohols
Explain the properties within and between the homologous series of alcohols with reference to the intermolecular and intramolecular bonding present
Investigate the production of alcohols
Investigate the products of the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols
Investigate the structural formulae, properties and functional group
Write equations, state conditions and predict products to represent the reactions of alcohols
Hydrocarbons
Analyse the shape of molecules formed between carbon atoms when a single, double or triple bond is formed between them
Conduct an investigation to compare the properties of organic chemical compounds within a homologous series, and explain these differences in terms of bonding
Construct models, identify the functional group, and write structural and molecular formulae for homologous series of organic chemical compounds, up to C8
Describe the procedures required to safely handle and dispose of organic substances
Examine the environmental, economic and sociocultural implications of obtaining and using hydrocarbons from the Earth
Explain the properties within and between the homologous series of alkanes with reference to the intermolecular and intramolecular bonding present
Nomenclature
Explore and distinguish the different types of structural isomers, including saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons
Investigate the nomenclature of organic chemicals, up to C8, using IUPAC conventions, including simple methyl and ethyl branched chains
Polymers
Model and compare the structure, properties and uses of addition polymers of ethylene and related monomers
Model and compare the structure, properties and uses of condensation polymers
Products of Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons
Investigate, write equations and construct models to represent the reactions of saturated hydrocarbons when substituted with halogens
Investigate, write equations and construct models to represent the reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons when added to a range of chemicals
Reactions of Organic Acids and Bases
Draft and construct flow charts to show reaction pathways for chemical synthesis, including those that involve more than one step
Explain the properties within and between the homologous series of carboxylic acids amines and amides with reference to the intermolecular and intramolecular bonding present
Investigate the differences between an organic acid and organic base
Investigate the production, in a school laboratory, of simple esters
Investigate the structural formulae, properties and functional group
Investigate the structure and action of soaps and detergents
Partner Websites
Production of Materials
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Biomass Research
Biopolymer
Cellulose
Cellulose as a Raw Material
Condensation Polymer
Condensation Polymerisation
Need for Petrochemical Alternatives
Electrochemical Methods
Comparison of Battery Cells
Determining Potentials
Displacement and Electron Transfer
Displacement and Reactivity
Galvanic Cell Conditions Experiment
Galvanic Cell Construction
Galvanic Cell Terms
Galvanic Cells and Redox Reactions
Metal Potentials Experiment
Oxidation State
Fossil Fuel Products
Bromine Water Experiment
Ethylene as a Monomer
Ethylene’s Bonding and Products
Industrial Source of Ethylene
Modelling Polymerisation
Polyethylene as an Addition Polymer
Production of Polyethylene
Uses of Polymers
Vinyl Chloride and Styrene
Nuclear Methods
Benefits and Problems of Radioisotopes
Detecting Radiation
Industrial and Medical Radioisotopes
Nuclear Stability
Production of Radioisotopes
Recent Discoveries of Elements
Transuranic Elements
Renewable Ethanol
Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethanol as a Fuel
Alkanol Nomenclature
Dehydration of Ethanol
Ethanol as a Solvent
Ethanol as an Alternative Car Fuel
Ethanol’s Molar Heat of Combustion
Fermentation Chemistry
Fermentation Conditions
Fermentation of Glucose to Ethanol
Glucose Fermentation Experiment
Heats of Combustion Experiment
Hydration of Ethylene
Industrial Production of Ethanol from Sugar Cane
Modelling Dehydration and Hydration
Shipwrecks and Salvage
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3. Electrolytic Cells
Anode and cathode during electrolysis of selected aqueous solutions
Factors that affect an electrolysis reaction
4. Marine Protection
Metal corrodes when two metals form an electrochemical cell
Process of cathodic protection
The ways in which a metal hull may be protected
5. Rates of Corrosion
Comparison and description about the rate of corrosion
Effect of low temperatures on the rate of corrosion of a metal
Effect of temperature and pressure
Gases dissolved in the oceans
Solubility of selected gases in the oceans
7. Conservation
Artefacts from long submerged wrecks will be saturated
Conservation and restoration techniques applied in two Australian maritime archaeological projects
Range of chemical procedures to clean, preserve and stabilise artefacts from wrecks
Saturated solution evaporating process potential damage to drying artefacts
Use of electrolysis
Use of electrolysis
Corrosion at Depths
Acidic environments accelerate corrosion in non-passivating metals
Action of sulfate reducing bacteria
Compare and describe the rate of corrosion of metals in different acidic and neutral solutions
Conservation and restoration techniques applied in two Australian maritime archaeological projects
Ship wrecks at great depths are corroded by electrochemical reactions and by anaerobic bacteria
Corrosion of Iron
Compare and describe the rate of corrosion of metals in different acidic and neutral solutions
Compare the rate of corrosion of iron
Composition of the steel and the percentage composition of steel
Conditions under rusting occurs
Corrosion of active and passivating metals
Iron and steel as the main metals used in ships
Rusting of iron occurs and the process of rusting
The Oceans and Electrolytes
Electron Transfer in Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation-reduction reactions
The Origins of the Minerals in Oceans
Work of Galvani, Volta, Davy and Faraday
Syllabus Keywords
The Acidic Environment
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Acid/Base Definitions
Acids Throughout History
Amphiprotic Substances
Bröensted-Lowry Theory
Buffers
Conjugate Acids and Bases
Neutralisation
Salts and Solutions
Titration Experiment
Titration Technique
Use of Neutralisation
Acidic Oxides
Acid Rain
Acidic Oxides
Atmospheric Concentrations of Oxides
Calculating Gas Volumes
Factors Affecting Equilibrium
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Oxides and the Periodic Table
Release of Oxides
Soft Drink Experiment
Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water
Sources of Acidic Oxides and Concerns
Sources of Sulfur Dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen
Acids
Acids as Proton Donors
Acids in Foods
Calculation of pH
Common Acids
Modelling Ionisation
pH Experiment
pH Formula
pH Scale
Strength and Ionisation
Strong and Weak Acids
Strong and Weak Acids Experiment
Types of Acids
Esterification
Alkanols and Alkanoic Acids
Ester Experiment
Ester Nomenclature
Esterification
Esterification and Catalysis
Esterification and Refluxing
Examples of Esters
Melting and Boiling Points of Alkanols and Alkanoic Acids
Indicators
Classifying Substances
Common Acids and Bases
Common Indicators
Natural Indicator Experiment
Uses of Indicators
The Chemistry of Art
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Complexes
A Hydrated Ion in Solution
Chelated Ligands
Drawing Lewis Structures
Hydrated Ions as Examples of a Coordination Complex
The Importance of Models in Understanding Ligands
The Range of Colours That Can be Obtained From One Metal
What Are Ligands Composed Of?
What Are Ligands?
Electrons in The Atom
Each Orbital Can Contain Only Two Electrons
Electrons in Their Ground-State Electron Configurations
Ionisation Energies
The Electrons in The Outer Shell
The Outermost Electrons of Elements
The Pauli Exclusion Principle
Using Hund’s Rule
What is a Sub-Shell?
Pigments in Painting
An Historical Example
Analysing The Relationship
Colour Can Be Obtained
Early Uses of Pigments
Paints Consists Of
Process Information From Secondary Sources
Solve Problems and Perform a Firsthand Investigation
Sources of Pigments
The Chemical Composition of an Identified Range of Pigments
The Processes Used
Why Pigments Used Needed to be Insoluble in Most Substances
The Structure of the Atom and Colours
Analyzing The Emission Spectra of Sodium
Distinguishing The Different Terms
Electrons Emit a Quanta of Energy
Emissions by Excited Atoms
Explaining The Flame Colour
Identification by Flame Colour
Laser Microspectral Analysis
Observing The Flame Colour
The Development of The Bohr Model
The Merits and Limitations of The Bohr Model
The Relationship Between Absorption and Reflectance Spectra
The Use of Infra-Red And Ultraviolet Light
What Is Meant By “n”?
The Transition Metals
Colour Changes in Transition Metal Ions
Observing The Colour Changes of a Named Transition Element
The Block Occupied by The Transition Metals
The Oxidation State of Transition Metals
Using The Complex Ions of a Transition Metal
What is a Transition Element?
Writing Electron Configurations
Writing Half-Equations
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HSC Chemistry Text Books
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